2025-09-09 17:38:32 -04:00
22 changed files with 641 additions and 1352 deletions
--- a/.cargo/config.toml
+++ b/.cargo/config.toml
@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
 [env]
 # Each interface needs 1 IP allocated to the WireGuard peer IP.
 # "8" = 7 tunnels per protocol.
 SMOLTCP_IFACE_MAX_ADDR_COUNT = "8"
--- a/.github/ci/macos-install-packages
+++ b/.github/ci/macos-install-packages
@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #!/bin/sh
-# brew install asciidoctor
+brew install asciidoctor
-# brew install openssl@1.1
+brew install openssl@1.1
-# cp /usr/local/opt/openssl@1.1/lib/pkgconfig/*.pc /usr/local/lib/pkgconfig/
+cp /usr/local/opt/openssl@1.1/lib/pkgconfig/*.pc /usr/local/lib/pkgconfig/
--- a/.github/dependabot.yml
+++ b/.github/dependabot.yml
@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
 # Please see the documentation for all configuration options:
 # https://help.github.com/github/administering-a-repository/configuration-options-for-dependency-updates
 version: 2
 updates:
  - package-ecosystem: "cargo"
    directory: "/"
    schedule:
      interval: "weekly"
    rebase-strategy: "disabled"
--- a/.github/workflows/build.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/build.yml
@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ jobs:
      matrix:
        rust:
          - stable
-          - 1.80.0
+          - 1.55.0
    steps:
      - name: Checkout sources
        uses: actions/checkout@v2
@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ jobs:
      matrix:
        rust:
          - stable
-          - 1.80.0
+          - 1.55.0
    steps:
      - name: Checkout sources
        uses: actions/checkout@v2
--- a/.github/workflows/release.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/release.yml
@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ jobs:
        run: echo "${{ env.VERSION }}" > artifacts/release-version
      - name: Upload artifacts
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@v1
        with:
          name: artifacts
          path: artifacts
@ -75,28 +75,20 @@ jobs:
      RUST_BACKTRACE: 1
    strategy:
      matrix:
-        build: [ linux-amd64, linux-aarch64, macos-aarch64, windows ]
+        build: [ linux-amd64, macos-intel, windows ]
        include:
          - build: linux-amd64
-            os: ubuntu-latest
+            os: ubuntu-18.04
            rust: stable
            target: x86_64-unknown-linux-musl
-            cross: true
+          - build: macos-intel
          - build: linux-aarch64
            os: ubuntu-latest
            rust: stable
            target: aarch64-unknown-linux-musl
            cross: true
          - build: macos-aarch64
            os: macos-latest
            rust: stable
-            target: aarch64-apple-darwin
+            target: x86_64-apple-darwin
            cross: false
          - build: windows
            os: windows-2019
            rust: stable
            target: x86_64-pc-windows-msvc
            cross: false
    steps:
      - name: Checkout repository
@ -105,7 +97,7 @@ jobs:
          fetch-depth: 1
      - name: Install packages (Ubuntu)
-        if: matrix.os == 'ubuntu-latest'
+        if: matrix.os == 'ubuntu-18.04'
        run: |
          .github/ci/ubuntu-install-packages
      - name: Install packages (macOS)
@ -121,7 +113,7 @@ jobs:
          target: ${{ matrix.target }}
      - name: Get release download URL
-        uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
+        uses: actions/download-artifact@v1
        with:
          name: artifacts
          path: artifacts
@ -134,24 +126,17 @@ jobs:
          echo "release upload url: $release_upload_url"
      - name: Build onetun binary
-        shell: bash
+        run: cargo build --release
        run: |
          if [ "${{ matrix.cross }}" = "true" ]; then
            cargo install cross
            cross build --release --target ${{ matrix.target }}
          else
            cargo build --release --target ${{ matrix.target }}
          fi
      - name: Prepare onetun binary
        shell: bash
        run: |
          mkdir -p ci/assets
          if [ "${{ matrix.build }}" = "windows" ]; then
-            cp "target/${{ matrix.target }}/release/onetun.exe" "ci/assets/onetun.exe"
+            cp "target/release/onetun.exe" "ci/assets/onetun.exe"
            echo "ASSET=onetun.exe" >> $GITHUB_ENV
          else
-            cp "target/${{ matrix.target }}/release/onetun" "ci/assets/onetun-${{ matrix.build }}"
+            cp "target/release/onetun" "ci/assets/onetun-${{ matrix.build }}"
            echo "ASSET=onetun-${{ matrix.build }}" >> $GITHUB_ENV
          fi
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@ -3,4 +3,3 @@
 .envrc
 *.log
 *.pcap
 .DS_Store
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
--- a/Cargo.toml
+++ b/Cargo.toml
@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 [package]
 name = "onetun"
-version = "0.3.10"
+version = "0.3.1"
-edition = "2021"
+edition = "2018"
 license = "MIT"
 description = "A cross-platform, user-space WireGuard port-forwarder that requires no system network configurations."
 authors = ["Aram Peres <aram.peres@gmail.com>"]
@ -11,34 +11,20 @@ repository = "https://github.com/aramperes/onetun"
 [dependencies]
 # Required dependencies (bin and lib)
-boringtun = { version = "0.6.0", default-features = false }
+boringtun = { version = "0.4.0", default-features = false }
 log = "0.4"
 anyhow = "1"
 tokio = { version = "1", features = [ "rt", "sync", "io-util", "net", "time", "fs", "macros" ] }
-futures = "0.3"
+futures = "0.3.17"
-rand = "0.8"
+rand = "0.8.4"
 nom = "7"
-async-trait = "0.1"
+async-trait = "0.1.51"
-priority-queue = "2.1"
+priority-queue = "1.2.0"
-smoltcp = { version = "0.12", default-features = false, features = [
+smoltcp = { version = "0.8.0", default-features = false, features = ["std", "log", "medium-ip", "proto-ipv4", "proto-ipv6", "socket-udp", "socket-tcp"] }
    "std",
    "log",
    "medium-ip",
    "proto-ipv4",
    "proto-ipv6",
    "socket-udp",
    "socket-tcp",
 ] }
 bytes = "1"
 base64 = "0.13"
 # forward boringtuns tracing events to log
 tracing = { version = "0.1", default-features = false, features = ["log"] }
 # bin-only dependencies
-clap = { version = "4.4.11", default-features = false, features = ["suggestions", "std", "env", "help", "wrap_help"], optional = true }
+clap = { version = "2.33", default-features = false, features = ["suggestions"], optional = true }
-pretty_env_logger = { version = "0.5", optional = true }
+pretty_env_logger = { version = "0.4", optional = true }
 async-recursion = "1.0"
 [features]
 pcap = []
--- a/8
+++ b/8
@ -1,11 +1,10 @@
-FROM rust:1.82.0 as cargo-build
+FROM rust:1.55 as cargo-build
 WORKDIR /usr/src/onetun
 COPY Cargo.toml Cargo.toml
 # Placeholder to download dependencies and cache them using layering
 RUN mkdir src/
 RUN touch src/lib.rs
 RUN echo "fn main() {println!(\"if you see this, the build broke\")}" > src/main.rs
 RUN cargo build --release
 RUN rm -f target/x86_64-unknown-linux-musl/release/deps/myapp*
@ -15,9 +14,8 @@ COPY . .
 RUN cargo build --release
 FROM debian:11-slim
-RUN apt-get update \
+RUN apt-get update
-    && apt-get install dumb-init -y \
+RUN apt-get install dumb-init -y
    && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
 COPY --from=cargo-build /usr/src/onetun/target/release/onetun /usr/local/bin/onetun
--- a/2
+++ b/2
@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 MIT License
-Copyright (c) 2025 Aram Peres
+Copyright (c) 2021-2022 Aram Peres
 Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
 of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@ -21,28 +21,28 @@ For example,
 ## Download
-onetun is available to install from [crates.io](https://crates.io/crates/onetun) with Rust ≥1.80.0:
+onetun is available to install from [crates.io](https://crates.io/crates/onetun) with Rust ≥1.55:
 ```shell
-cargo install onetun
+$ cargo install onetun
 ```
-You can also download the binary for Windows, macOS (Apple Silicon), and Linux (amd64, arm64) from
+You can also download the binary for Windows, macOS (Intel), and Linux (amd64) from
 the [Releases](https://github.com/aramperes/onetun/releases) page.
 You can also run onetun using [Docker](https://hub.docker.com/r/aramperes/onetun):
 ```shell
-docker run --rm --name onetun --user 1000 -p 8080:8080 aramperes/onetun \
+$ docker run --rm --name onetun --user 1000 -p 8080:8080 aramperes/onetun \
    0.0.0.0:8080:192.168.4.2:8080 [...options...]
 ```
-You can also build onetun locally, using Rust ≥1.80.0:
+You can also build onetun locally, using Rust ≥1.55:
 ```shell
-git clone https://github.com/aramperes/onetun && cd onetun
+$ git clone https://github.com/aramperes/onetun && cd onetun
-cargo build --release
+$ cargo build --release
-./target/release/onetun
+$ ./target/release/onetun
 ```
 ## Usage
@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ access, or install any WireGuard tool on your local system for it to work.
 The only prerequisite is to register a peer IP and public key on the remote WireGuard endpoint; those are necessary for
 the WireGuard endpoint to trust the onetun peer and for packets to be routed.
-```shell
+```
 onetun [src_host:]<src_port>:<dst_host>:<dst_port>[:TCP,UDP,...] [...]    \
    --endpoint-addr <public WireGuard endpoint address>                   \
    --endpoint-public-key <the public key of the peer on the endpoint>    \
@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ onetun [src_host:]<src_port>:<dst_host>:<dst_port>[:TCP,UDP,...] [...]    \
 Suppose your WireGuard endpoint has the following configuration, and is accessible from `140.30.3.182:51820`:
-```shell
+```
 # /etc/wireguard/wg0.conf
 [Interface]
@ -103,14 +103,14 @@ onetun 127.0.0.1:8080:192.168.4.2:8080                                    \
 You'll then see this log:
-```shell
+```
 INFO  onetun > Tunneling TCP [127.0.0.1:8080]->[192.168.4.2:8080] (via [140.30.3.182:51820] as peer 192.168.4.3)
 ```
 Which means you can now access the port locally!
-```shell
+```
-curl 127.0.0.1:8080
+$ curl 127.0.0.1:8080
 Hello world!
 ```
@ -118,32 +118,24 @@ Hello world!
 **onetun** supports running multiple tunnels in parallel. For example:
-```shell
+```
-onetun 127.0.0.1:8080:192.168.4.2:8080 127.0.0.1:8081:192.168.4.4:8081
+$ onetun 127.0.0.1:8080:192.168.4.2:8080 127.0.0.1:8081:192.168.4.4:8081
 INFO  onetun::tunnel > Tunneling TCP [127.0.0.1:8080]->[192.168.4.2:8080] (via [140.30.3.182:51820] as peer 192.168.4.3)
 INFO  onetun::tunnel > Tunneling TCP [127.0.0.1:8081]->[192.168.4.4:8081] (via [140.30.3.182:51820] as peer 192.168.4.3)
 ```
 ... would open TCP ports 8080 and 8081 locally, which forward to their respective ports on the different peers.
 #### Maximum number of tunnels
 `smoltcp` imposes a compile-time limit on the number of IP addresses assigned to an interface. **onetun** increases
 the default value to support most use-cases. In effect, the default limit on the number of **onetun** peers
 is **7 per protocol** (TCP and UDP).
 Should you need more unique IP addresses to forward ports to, you can increase the limit in `.cargo/config.toml` and recompile **onetun**.
 ### UDP Support
 **onetun** supports UDP forwarding. You can add `:UDP` at the end of the port-forward configuration, or `UDP,TCP` to support
 both protocols on the same port (note that this opens 2 separate tunnels, just on the same port)
-```shell
+```
-onetun 127.0.0.1:8080:192.168.4.2:8080:UDP
+$ onetun 127.0.0.1:8080:192.168.4.2:8080:UDP
 INFO  onetun::tunnel > Tunneling UDP [127.0.0.1:8080]->[192.168.4.2:8080] (via [140.30.3.182:51820] as peer 192.168.4.3)
-onetun 127.0.0.1:8080:192.168.4.2:8080:UDP,TCP
+$ onetun 127.0.0.1:8080:192.168.4.2:8080:UDP,TCP
 INFO  onetun::tunnel > Tunneling UDP [127.0.0.1:8080]->[192.168.4.2:8080] (via [140.30.3.182:51820] as peer 192.168.4.3)
 INFO  onetun::tunnel > Tunneling TCP [127.0.0.1:8080]->[192.168.4.2:8080] (via [140.30.3.182:51820] as peer 192.168.4.3)
 ```
@ -155,16 +147,16 @@ it in any production capacity.
 **onetun** supports both IPv4 and IPv6. In fact, you can use onetun to forward some IP version to another, e.g. 6-to-4:
-```shell
+```
-onetun [::1]:8080:192.168.4.2:8080
+$ onetun [::1]:8080:192.168.4.2:8080
 INFO  onetun::tunnel > Tunneling TCP [[::1]:8080]->[192.168.4.2:8080] (via [140.30.3.182:51820] as peer 192.168.4.3)
 ```
 Note that each tunnel can only support one "source" IP version and one "destination" IP version. If you want to support
 both IPv4 and IPv6 on the same port, you should create a second port-forward:
-```shell
+```
-onetun [::1]:8080:192.168.4.2:8080 127.0.0.1:8080:192.168.4.2:8080
+$ onetun [::1]:8080:192.168.4.2:8080 127.0.0.1:8080:192.168.4.2:8080
 INFO  onetun::tunnel > Tunneling TCP [[::1]:8080]->[192.168.4.2:8080] (via [140.30.3.182:51820] as peer 192.168.4.3)
 INFO  onetun::tunnel > Tunneling TCP [127.0.0.1:8080]->[192.168.4.2:8080] (via [140.30.3.182:51820] as peer 192.168.4.3)
 ```
@ -174,33 +166,16 @@ INFO  onetun::tunnel > Tunneling TCP [127.0.0.1:8080]->[192.168.4.2:8080] (via [
 For debugging purposes, you can enable the capture of IP packets sent between onetun and the WireGuard peer.
 The output is a libpcap capture file that can be viewed with Wireshark.
-```shell
+```
-onetun --pcap wg.pcap 127.0.0.1:8080:192.168.4.2:8080
+$ onetun --pcap wg.pcap 127.0.0.1:8080:192.168.4.2:8080
 INFO  onetun::pcap > Capturing WireGuard IP packets to wg.pcap
 INFO  onetun::tunnel > Tunneling TCP [127.0.0.1:8080]->[192.168.4.2:8080] (via [140.30.3.182:51820] as peer 192.168.4.3)
 ```
 To capture packets sent to and from the onetun local port, you must use an external tool like `tcpdump` with root access:
 ```shell
 sudo tcpdump -i lo -w local.pcap 'dst 127.0.0.1 && port 8080'
 ```
-
+$ sudo tcpdump -i lo -w local.pcap 'dst 127.0.0.1 && port 8080'
 ### WireGuard Options
 By default, onetun will create the UDP socket to communicate with the WireGuard endpoint on all interfaces and on a dynamic port,
 i.e. `0.0.0.0:0` for IPv4 endpoints, or `[::]:0` for IPv6.
 You can bind to a static address instead using `--endpoint-bind-addr`:
 ```shell
 onetun --endpoint-bind-addr 0.0.0.0:51820 --endpoint-addr 140.30.3.182:51820 [...]
 ```
 The security of the WireGuard connection can be further enhanced with a **pre-shared key** (PSK). You can generate such a key with the `wg genpsk` command, and provide it using `--preshared-key`.
 The peer must also have this key configured using the `PresharedKey` option.
 ```shell
 onetun --preshared-key 'XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX' [...]
 ```
 ## Architecture
@ -267,56 +242,6 @@ if the least recently used port hasn't been used for a certain amount of time. I
 All in all, I would not recommend using UDP forwarding for public services, since it's most likely prone to simple DoS or DDoS.
 ## HTTP/SOCKS Proxy
 **onetun** is a Transport-layer proxy (also known as port forwarding); it is not in scope to provide
 a HTTP/SOCKS proxy server. However, you can easily chain **onetun** with a proxy server on a remote
 that is locked down to your WireGuard network.
 For example, you could run [dante-server](https://www.inet.no/dante/) on a peer (ex. `192.168.4.2`) with the following configuration:
 ```
 # /etc/danted.conf
 logoutput: syslog
 user.privileged: root
 user.unprivileged: nobody
 internal: 192.168.4.2 port=1080
 external: eth0
 socksmethod: none
 clientmethod: none
 # Locks down proxy use to WireGuard peers (192.168.4.x)
 client pass {
    from: 192.168.4.0/24 to: 0.0.0.0/0
 }
 socks pass {
    from: 192.168.4.0/24 to: 0.0.0.0/0
 }
 ```
 Then use **onetun** to expose the SOCKS5 proxy locally:
 ```shell
 onetun 127.0.0.1:1080:192.168.4.2:1080
 INFO  onetun::tunnel > Tunneling TCP [127.0.0.1:1080]->[192.168.4.2:1080] (via [140.30.3.182:51820] as peer 192.168.4.3)
 ```
 Test with `curl` (or configure your browser):
 ```shell
 curl -x socks5://127.0.0.1:1080 https://ifconfig.me
 ```
 ## Contributing and Maintenance
 I will gladly accept contributions to onetun, and set aside time to review all pull-requests.
 Please consider opening a GitHub issue if you are unsure if your contribution is within the scope of the project.
 **Disclaimer**: I do not have enough personal time to actively maintain onetun besides open-source contributions.
 ## License
-MIT License. See `LICENSE` for details. Copyright &copy; 2025 Aram Peres.
+MIT License. See `LICENSE` for details. Copyright &copy; 2021-2022 Aram Peres.
--- a/src/config.rs
+++ b/src/config.rs
@ -5,19 +5,18 @@ use std::fs::read_to_string;
 use std::net::{IpAddr, SocketAddr, ToSocketAddrs};
 use std::sync::Arc;
-use anyhow::{bail, Context};
+use anyhow::Context;
-pub use boringtun::x25519::{PublicKey, StaticSecret};
+use boringtun::crypto::{X25519PublicKey, X25519SecretKey};
 const DEFAULT_PORT_FORWARD_SOURCE: &str = "127.0.0.1";
-#[derive(Clone)]
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
 pub struct Config {
    pub port_forwards: Vec<PortForwardConfig>,
    #[allow(dead_code)]
    pub remote_port_forwards: Vec<PortForwardConfig>,
-    pub private_key: Arc<StaticSecret>,
+    pub private_key: Arc<X25519SecretKey>,
-    pub endpoint_public_key: Arc<PublicKey>,
+    pub endpoint_public_key: Arc<X25519PublicKey>,
    pub preshared_key: Option<[u8; 32]>,
    pub endpoint_addr: SocketAddr,
    pub endpoint_bind_addr: SocketAddr,
    pub source_peer_ip: IpAddr,
@ -31,17 +30,18 @@ pub struct Config {
 impl Config {
    #[cfg(feature = "bin")]
    pub fn from_args() -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
-        use clap::{Arg, Command};
+        use clap::{App, Arg};
        let mut warnings = vec![];
-        let matches = Command::new("onetun")
+        let matches = App::new("onetun")
            .author("Aram Peres <aram.peres@gmail.com>")
            .version(env!("CARGO_PKG_VERSION"))
            .args(&[
-                Arg::new("PORT_FORWARD")
+                Arg::with_name("PORT_FORWARD")
                    .required(false)
-                    .num_args(1..)
+                    .multiple(true)
                    .takes_value(true)
                    .help("Port forward configurations. The format of each argument is [src_host:]<src_port>:<dst_host>:<dst_port>[:TCP,UDP,...], \
                    where [src_host] is the local IP to listen on, <src_port> is the local port to listen on, <dst_host> is the remote peer IP to forward to, and <dst_port> is the remote port to forward to. \
                    Environment variables of the form 'ONETUN_PORT_FORWARD_[#]' are also accepted, where [#] starts at 1.\n\
@ -55,79 +55,74 @@ impl Config {
                    \tlocalhost:8080:192.168.4.1:8081:TCP\n\
                    \tlocalhost:8080:peer.intranet:8081:TCP\
                    "),
-                Arg::new("private-key")
+                Arg::with_name("private-key")
-                    .conflicts_with("private-key-file")
+                    .required_unless("private-key-file")
-                    .num_args(1)
+                    .takes_value(true)
                    .long("private-key")
                    .env("ONETUN_PRIVATE_KEY")
                    .help("The private key of this peer. The corresponding public key should be registered in the WireGuard endpoint. \
                    You can also use '--private-key-file' to specify a file containing the key instead."),
-                Arg::new("private-key-file")
+                Arg::with_name("private-key-file")
-                    .num_args(1)
+                    .takes_value(true)
                    .long("private-key-file")
                    .env("ONETUN_PRIVATE_KEY_FILE")
                    .help("The path to a file containing the private key of this peer. The corresponding public key should be registered in the WireGuard endpoint."),
-                Arg::new("endpoint-public-key")
+                Arg::with_name("endpoint-public-key")
                    .required(true)
-                    .num_args(1)
+                    .takes_value(true)
                    .long("endpoint-public-key")
                    .env("ONETUN_ENDPOINT_PUBLIC_KEY")
                    .help("The public key of the WireGuard endpoint (remote)."),
-                Arg::new("preshared-key")
+                Arg::with_name("endpoint-addr")
                    .required(false)
                    .num_args(1)
                    .long("preshared-key")
                    .env("ONETUN_PRESHARED_KEY")
                    .help("The pre-shared key (PSK) as configured with the peer."),
                Arg::new("endpoint-addr")
                    .required(true)
-                    .num_args(1)
+                    .takes_value(true)
                    .long("endpoint-addr")
                    .env("ONETUN_ENDPOINT_ADDR")
                    .help("The address (IP + port) of the WireGuard endpoint (remote). Example: 1.2.3.4:51820"),
-                Arg::new("endpoint-bind-addr")
+                Arg::with_name("endpoint-bind-addr")
                    .required(false)
-                    .num_args(1)
+                    .takes_value(true)
                    .long("endpoint-bind-addr")
                    .env("ONETUN_ENDPOINT_BIND_ADDR")
                    .help("The address (IP + port) used to bind the local UDP socket for the WireGuard tunnel. Example: 1.2.3.4:30000. Defaults to 0.0.0.0:0 for IPv4 endpoints, or [::]:0 for IPv6 endpoints."),
-                Arg::new("source-peer-ip")
+                Arg::with_name("source-peer-ip")
                    .required(true)
-                    .num_args(1)
+                    .takes_value(true)
                    .long("source-peer-ip")
                    .env("ONETUN_SOURCE_PEER_IP")
                    .help("The source IP to identify this peer as (local). Example: 192.168.4.3"),
-                Arg::new("keep-alive")
+                Arg::with_name("keep-alive")
                    .required(false)
-                    .num_args(1)
+                    .takes_value(true)
                    .long("keep-alive")
                    .env("ONETUN_KEEP_ALIVE")
                    .help("Configures a persistent keep-alive for the WireGuard tunnel, in seconds."),
-                Arg::new("max-transmission-unit")
+                Arg::with_name("max-transmission-unit")
                    .required(false)
-                    .num_args(1)
+                    .takes_value(true)
                    .long("max-transmission-unit")
                    .env("ONETUN_MTU")
                    .default_value("1420")
                    .help("Configures the max-transmission-unit (MTU) of the WireGuard tunnel."),
-                Arg::new("log")
+                Arg::with_name("log")
                    .required(false)
-                    .num_args(1)
+                    .takes_value(true)
                    .long("log")
                    .env("ONETUN_LOG")
                    .default_value("info")
                    .help("Configures the log level and format."),
-                Arg::new("pcap")
+                Arg::with_name("pcap")
                    .required(false)
-                    .num_args(1)
+                    .takes_value(true)
                    .long("pcap")
                    .env("ONETUN_PCAP")
                    .help("Decrypts and captures IP packets on the WireGuard tunnel to a given output file."),
-                Arg::new("remote")
+                Arg::with_name("remote")
                    .required(false)
-                    .num_args(1..)
+                    .takes_value(true)
                    .multiple(true)
                    .long("remote")
-                    .short('r')
+                    .short("r")
                    .help("Remote port forward configurations. The format of each argument is <src_port>:<dst_host>:<dst_port>[:TCP,UDP,...], \
                    where <src_port> is the port the other peers will reach the server with, <dst_host> is the IP to forward to, and <dst_port> is the port to forward to. \
                    The <src_port> will be bound on onetun's peer IP, as specified by --source-peer-ip. If you pass a different value for <src_host> here, it will be rejected.\n\
@ -142,7 +137,7 @@ impl Config {
        // Combine `PORT_FORWARD` arg and `ONETUN_PORT_FORWARD_#` envs
        let mut port_forward_strings = HashSet::new();
-        if let Some(values) = matches.get_many::<String>("PORT_FORWARD") {
+        if let Some(values) = matches.values_of("PORT_FORWARD") {
            for value in values {
                port_forward_strings.insert(value.to_owned());
            }
@ -161,18 +156,18 @@ impl Config {
            .map(|s| PortForwardConfig::from_notation(&s, DEFAULT_PORT_FORWARD_SOURCE))
            .collect();
        let port_forwards: Vec<PortForwardConfig> = port_forwards
-            .context("Failed to parse port forward config")?
+            .with_context(|| "Failed to parse port forward config")?
            .into_iter()
            .flatten()
            .collect();
        // Read source-peer-ip
-        let source_peer_ip = parse_ip(matches.get_one::<String>("source-peer-ip"))
+        let source_peer_ip = parse_ip(matches.value_of("source-peer-ip"))
-            .context("Invalid source peer IP")?;
+            .with_context(|| "Invalid source peer IP")?;
        // Combined `remote` arg and `ONETUN_REMOTE_PORT_FORWARD_#` envs
        let mut port_forward_strings = HashSet::new();
-        if let Some(values) = matches.get_many::<String>("remote") {
+        if let Some(values) = matches.values_of("remote") {
            for value in values {
                port_forward_strings.insert(value.to_owned());
            }
@ -191,30 +186,30 @@ impl Config {
                .map(|s| {
                    PortForwardConfig::from_notation(
                        &s,
-                        matches.get_one::<String>("source-peer-ip").unwrap(),
+                        matches.value_of("source-peer-ip").unwrap(),
                    )
                })
                .collect();
        let mut remote_port_forwards: Vec<PortForwardConfig> = remote_port_forwards
-            .context("Failed to parse remote port forward config")?
+            .with_context(|| "Failed to parse remote port forward config")?
            .into_iter()
            .flatten()
            .collect();
        for port_forward in remote_port_forwards.iter_mut() {
            if port_forward.source.ip() != source_peer_ip {
-                bail!("Remote port forward config <src_host> must match --source-peer-ip ({}), or be omitted.", source_peer_ip);
+                return Err(anyhow::anyhow!("Remote port forward config <src_host> must match --source-peer-ip ({}), or be omitted.", source_peer_ip));
            }
            port_forward.source = SocketAddr::from((source_peer_ip, port_forward.source.port()));
            port_forward.remote = true;
        }
        if port_forwards.is_empty() && remote_port_forwards.is_empty() {
-            bail!("No port forward configurations given.");
+            return Err(anyhow::anyhow!("No port forward configurations given."));
        }
        // Read private key from file or CLI argument
        let (group_readable, world_readable) = matches
-            .get_one::<String>("private-key-file")
+            .value_of("private-key-file")
            .and_then(is_file_insecurely_readable)
            .unwrap_or_default();
        if group_readable {
@ -224,32 +219,31 @@ impl Config {
            warnings.push("Private key file is world-readable. This is insecure.".into());
        }
-        let private_key = if let Some(private_key_file) =
+        let private_key = if let Some(private_key_file) = matches.value_of("private-key-file") {
            matches.get_one::<String>("private-key-file")
        {
            read_to_string(private_key_file)
                .map(|s| s.trim().to_string())
-                .context("Failed to read private key file")
+                .with_context(|| "Failed to read private key file")
        } else {
            if std::env::var("ONETUN_PRIVATE_KEY").is_err() {
                warnings.push("Private key was passed using CLI. This is insecure. \
                Use \"--private-key-file <file containing private key>\", or the \"ONETUN_PRIVATE_KEY\" env variable instead.".into());
            }
            matches
-                .get_one::<String>("private-key")
+                .value_of("private-key")
-                .cloned()
+                .map(String::from)
-                .context("Missing private key")
+                .with_context(|| "Missing private key")
        }?;
-        let endpoint_addr = parse_addr(matches.get_one::<String>("endpoint-addr"))
+        let endpoint_addr = parse_addr(matches.value_of("endpoint-addr"))
-            .context("Invalid endpoint address")?;
+            .with_context(|| "Invalid endpoint address")?;
-        let endpoint_bind_addr = if let Some(addr) = matches.get_one::<String>("endpoint-bind-addr")
+        let endpoint_bind_addr = if let Some(addr) = matches.value_of("endpoint-bind-addr") {
-        {
+            let addr = parse_addr(Some(addr)).with_context(|| "Invalid bind address")?;
            let addr = parse_addr(Some(addr)).context("Invalid bind address")?;
            // Make sure the bind address and endpoint address are the same IP version
            if addr.ip().is_ipv4() != endpoint_addr.ip().is_ipv4() {
-                bail!("Endpoint and bind addresses must be the same IP version");
+                return Err(anyhow::anyhow!(
                    "Endpoint and bind addresses must be the same IP version"
                ));
            }
            addr
        } else {
@ -263,77 +257,54 @@ impl Config {
        Ok(Self {
            port_forwards,
            remote_port_forwards,
-            private_key: Arc::new(parse_private_key(&private_key).context("Invalid private key")?),
+            private_key: Arc::new(
-            endpoint_public_key: Arc::new(
+                parse_private_key(&private_key).with_context(|| "Invalid private key")?,
-                parse_public_key(matches.get_one::<String>("endpoint-public-key"))
+            ),
-                    .context("Invalid endpoint public key")?,
+            endpoint_public_key: Arc::new(
                parse_public_key(matches.value_of("endpoint-public-key"))
                    .with_context(|| "Invalid endpoint public key")?,
            ),
            preshared_key: parse_preshared_key(matches.get_one::<String>("preshared-key"))?,
            endpoint_addr,
            endpoint_bind_addr,
            source_peer_ip,
-            keepalive_seconds: parse_keep_alive(matches.get_one::<String>("keep-alive"))
+            keepalive_seconds: parse_keep_alive(matches.value_of("keep-alive"))
-                .context("Invalid keep-alive value")?,
+                .with_context(|| "Invalid keep-alive value")?,
-            max_transmission_unit: parse_mtu(matches.get_one::<String>("max-transmission-unit"))
+            max_transmission_unit: parse_mtu(matches.value_of("max-transmission-unit"))
-                .context("Invalid max-transmission-unit value")?,
+                .with_context(|| "Invalid max-transmission-unit value")?,
-            log: matches
+            log: matches.value_of("log").unwrap_or_default().into(),
-                .get_one::<String>("log")
+            pcap_file: matches.value_of("pcap").map(String::from),
                .cloned()
                .unwrap_or_default(),
            pcap_file: matches.get_one::<String>("pcap").cloned(),
            warnings,
        })
    }
 }
-fn parse_addr<T: AsRef<str>>(s: Option<T>) -> anyhow::Result<SocketAddr> {
+fn parse_addr(s: Option<&str>) -> anyhow::Result<SocketAddr> {
-    s.context("Missing address")?
+    s.with_context(|| "Missing address")?
        .as_ref()
        .to_socket_addrs()
-        .context("Invalid address")?
+        .with_context(|| "Invalid address")?
        .next()
-        .context("Could not lookup address")
+        .with_context(|| "Could not lookup address")
 }
-fn parse_ip(s: Option<&String>) -> anyhow::Result<IpAddr> {
+fn parse_ip(s: Option<&str>) -> anyhow::Result<IpAddr> {
-    s.context("Missing IP address")?
+    s.with_context(|| "Missing IP")?
        .parse::<IpAddr>()
-        .context("Invalid IP address")
+        .with_context(|| "Invalid IP address")
 }
-fn parse_private_key(s: &str) -> anyhow::Result<StaticSecret> {
+fn parse_private_key(s: &str) -> anyhow::Result<X25519SecretKey> {
-    let decoded = base64::decode(s).context("Failed to decode private key")?;
+    s.parse::<X25519SecretKey>()
-    if let Ok::<[u8; 32], _>(bytes) = decoded.try_into() {
+        .map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!("{}", e))
        Ok(StaticSecret::from(bytes))
    } else {
        bail!("Invalid private key")
    }
 }
-fn parse_public_key(s: Option<&String>) -> anyhow::Result<PublicKey> {
+fn parse_public_key(s: Option<&str>) -> anyhow::Result<X25519PublicKey> {
-    let encoded = s.context("Missing public key")?;
+    s.with_context(|| "Missing public key")?
-    let decoded = base64::decode(encoded).context("Failed to decode public key")?;
+        .parse::<X25519PublicKey>()
-    if let Ok::<[u8; 32], _>(bytes) = decoded.try_into() {
+        .map_err(|e| anyhow::anyhow!("{}", e))
-        Ok(PublicKey::from(bytes))
+        .with_context(|| "Invalid public key")
    } else {
        bail!("Invalid public key")
    }
 }
-fn parse_preshared_key(s: Option<&String>) -> anyhow::Result<Option<[u8; 32]>> {
+fn parse_keep_alive(s: Option<&str>) -> anyhow::Result<Option<u16>> {
    if let Some(s) = s {
        let decoded = base64::decode(s).context("Failed to decode preshared key")?;
        if let Ok::<[u8; 32], _>(bytes) = decoded.try_into() {
            Ok(Some(bytes))
        } else {
            bail!("Invalid preshared key")
        }
    } else {
        Ok(None)
    }
 }
 fn parse_keep_alive(s: Option<&String>) -> anyhow::Result<Option<u16>> {
    if let Some(s) = s {
        let parsed: u16 = s.parse().with_context(|| {
            format!(
@ -347,21 +318,23 @@ fn parse_keep_alive(s: Option<&String>) -> anyhow::Result<Option<u16>> {
    }
 }
-fn parse_mtu(s: Option<&String>) -> anyhow::Result<usize> {
+fn parse_mtu(s: Option<&str>) -> anyhow::Result<usize> {
-    s.context("Missing MTU")?.parse().context("Invalid MTU")
+    s.with_context(|| "Missing MTU")?
        .parse()
        .with_context(|| "Invalid MTU")
 }
 #[cfg(unix)]
-fn is_file_insecurely_readable(path: &String) -> Option<(bool, bool)> {
+fn is_file_insecurely_readable(path: &str) -> Option<(bool, bool)> {
    use std::fs::File;
    use std::os::unix::fs::MetadataExt;
-    let mode = File::open(path).ok()?.metadata().ok()?.mode();
+    let mode = File::open(&path).ok()?.metadata().ok()?.mode();
    Some((mode & 0o40 > 0, mode & 0o4 > 0))
 }
 #[cfg(not(unix))]
-fn is_file_insecurely_readable(_path: &String) -> Option<(bool, bool)> {
+fn is_file_insecurely_readable(_path: &str) -> Option<(bool, bool)> {
    // No good way to determine permissions on non-Unix target
    None
 }
@ -477,21 +450,27 @@ impl PortForwardConfig {
        let source = (
            src_addr.0.unwrap_or(default_source),
-            src_addr.1.parse::<u16>().context("Invalid source port")?,
+            src_addr
                .1
                .parse::<u16>()
                .with_context(|| "Invalid source port")?,
        )
            .to_socket_addrs()
-            .context("Invalid source address")?
+            .with_context(|| "Invalid source address")?
            .next()
-            .context("Could not resolve source address")?;
+            .with_context(|| "Could not resolve source address")?;
        let destination = (
            dst_addr.0,
-            dst_addr.1.parse::<u16>().context("Invalid source port")?,
+            dst_addr
                .1
                .parse::<u16>()
                .with_context(|| "Invalid source port")?,
        )
            .to_socket_addrs() // TODO: Pass this as given and use DNS config instead (issue #15)
-            .context("Invalid destination address")?
+            .with_context(|| "Invalid destination address")?
            .next()
-            .context("Could not resolve destination address")?;
+            .with_context(|| "Could not resolve destination address")?;
        // Parse protocols
        let protocols = if let Some(protocols) = protocols {
@ -501,7 +480,7 @@ impl PortForwardConfig {
        } else {
            Ok(vec![PortProtocol::Tcp])
        }
-        .context("Failed to parse protocols")?;
+        .with_context(|| "Failed to parse protocols")?;
        // Returns an config for each protocol
        Ok(protocols
--- a/src/events.rs
+++ b/src/events.rs
@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
 use bytes::Bytes;
 use std::fmt::{Display, Formatter};
 use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicU32, Ordering};
 use std::sync::Arc;
@ -17,13 +16,13 @@ pub enum Event {
    /// A connection was dropped from the pool and should be closed in all interfaces.
    ClientConnectionDropped(VirtualPort),
    /// Data received by the local server that should be sent to the virtual server.
-    LocalData(PortForwardConfig, VirtualPort, Bytes),
+    LocalData(PortForwardConfig, VirtualPort, Vec<u8>),
    /// Data received by the remote server that should be sent to the local client.
-    RemoteData(VirtualPort, Bytes),
+    RemoteData(VirtualPort, Vec<u8>),
    /// IP packet received from the WireGuard tunnel that should be passed through the corresponding virtual device.
-    InboundInternetPacket(PortProtocol, Bytes),
+    InboundInternetPacket(PortProtocol, Vec<u8>),
    /// IP packet to be sent through the WireGuard tunnel as crafted by the virtual device.
-    OutboundInternetPacket(Bytes),
+    OutboundInternetPacket(Vec<u8>),
    /// Notifies that a virtual device read an IP packet.
    VirtualDeviceFed(PortProtocol),
 }
--- a/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src/lib.rs
@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ pub async fn start_tunnels(config: Config, bus: Bus) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
    let wg = WireGuardTunnel::new(&config, bus.clone())
        .await
-        .context("Failed to initialize WireGuard tunnel")?;
+        .with_context(|| "Failed to initialize WireGuard tunnel")?;
    let wg = Arc::new(wg);
    {
@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ pub async fn start_tunnels(config: Config, bus: Bus) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
    {
        // Start consumption task for WireGuard
        let wg = wg.clone();
-        tokio::spawn(Box::pin(async move { wg.consume_task().await }));
+        tokio::spawn(async move { wg.consume_task().await });
    }
    {
--- a/src/main.rs
+++ b/src/main.rs
@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ async fn main() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
    use anyhow::Context;
    use onetun::{config::Config, events::Bus};
-    let config = Config::from_args().context("Configuration has errors")?;
+    let config = Config::from_args().with_context(|| "Failed to read config")?;
    init_logger(&config)?;
    for warning in &config.warnings {
@ -32,5 +32,7 @@ fn init_logger(config: &onetun::config::Config) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
    let mut builder = pretty_env_logger::formatted_timed_builder();
    builder.parse_filters(&config.log);
-    builder.try_init().context("Failed to initialize logger")
+    builder
        .try_init()
        .with_context(|| "Failed to initialize logger")
 }
--- a/src/pcap.rs
+++ b/src/pcap.rs
@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ impl Pcap {
        self.writer
            .flush()
            .await
-            .context("Failed to flush pcap writer")
+            .with_context(|| "Failed to flush pcap writer")
    }
    async fn write(&mut self, data: &[u8]) -> anyhow::Result<usize> {
@ -30,14 +30,14 @@ impl Pcap {
        self.writer
            .write_u16(value)
            .await
-            .context("Failed to write u16 to pcap writer")
+            .with_context(|| "Failed to write u16 to pcap writer")
    }
    async fn write_u32(&mut self, value: u32) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        self.writer
            .write_u32(value)
            .await
-            .context("Failed to write u32 to pcap writer")
+            .with_context(|| "Failed to write u32 to pcap writer")
    }
    async fn global_header(&mut self) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
@ -64,14 +64,14 @@ impl Pcap {
    async fn packet(&mut self, timestamp: Instant, packet: &[u8]) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        self.packet_header(timestamp, packet.len())
            .await
-            .context("Failed to write packet header to pcap writer")?;
+            .with_context(|| "Failed to write packet header to pcap writer")?;
        self.write(packet)
            .await
-            .context("Failed to write packet to pcap writer")?;
+            .with_context(|| "Failed to write packet to pcap writer")?;
        self.writer
            .flush()
            .await
-            .context("Failed to flush pcap writer")?;
+            .with_context(|| "Failed to flush pcap writer")?;
        self.flush().await
    }
 }
@ -81,14 +81,14 @@ pub async fn capture(pcap_file: String, bus: Bus) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
    let mut endpoint = bus.new_endpoint();
    let file = File::create(&pcap_file)
        .await
-        .context("Failed to create pcap file")?;
+        .with_context(|| "Failed to create pcap file")?;
    let writer = BufWriter::new(file);
    let mut writer = Pcap { writer };
    writer
        .global_header()
        .await
-        .context("Failed to write global header to pcap writer")?;
+        .with_context(|| "Failed to write global header to pcap writer")?;
    info!("Capturing WireGuard IP packets to {}", &pcap_file);
    loop {
@ -98,14 +98,14 @@ pub async fn capture(pcap_file: String, bus: Bus) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
                writer
                    .packet(instant, &ip)
                    .await
-                    .context("Failed to write inbound IP packet to pcap writer")?;
+                    .with_context(|| "Failed to write inbound IP packet to pcap writer")?;
            }
            Event::OutboundInternetPacket(ip) => {
                let instant = Instant::now();
                writer
                    .packet(instant, &ip)
                    .await
-                    .context("Failed to write output IP packet to pcap writer")?;
+                    .with_context(|| "Failed to write output IP packet to pcap writer")?;
            }
            _ => {}
        }
--- a/src/tunnel/tcp.rs
+++ b/src/tunnel/tcp.rs
@ -1,18 +1,17 @@
 use crate::config::{PortForwardConfig, PortProtocol};
 use crate::virtual_iface::VirtualPort;
 use anyhow::Context;
 use std::collections::VecDeque;
 use std::ops::Range;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 use tokio::net::{TcpListener, TcpStream};
 use std::ops::Range;
 use std::time::Duration;
-use anyhow::Context;
+use crate::events::{Bus, Event};
 use bytes::BytesMut;
 use rand::seq::SliceRandom;
 use rand::thread_rng;
 use tokio::io::AsyncWriteExt;
 use tokio::net::{TcpListener, TcpStream};
 use crate::config::{PortForwardConfig, PortProtocol};
 use crate::events::{Bus, Event};
 use crate::virtual_iface::VirtualPort;
 const MAX_PACKET: usize = 65536;
 const MIN_PORT: u16 = 1000;
@ -27,14 +26,14 @@ pub async fn tcp_proxy_server(
 ) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
    let listener = TcpListener::bind(port_forward.source)
        .await
-        .context("Failed to listen on TCP proxy server")?;
+        .with_context(|| "Failed to listen on TCP proxy server")?;
    loop {
        let port_pool = port_pool.clone();
        let (socket, peer_addr) = listener
            .accept()
            .await
-            .context("Failed to accept connection on TCP proxy server")?;
+            .with_context(|| "Failed to accept connection on TCP proxy server")?;
        // Assign a 'virtual port': this is a unique port number used to route IP packets
        // received from the WireGuard tunnel. It is the port number that the virtual client will
@ -82,7 +81,7 @@ async fn handle_tcp_proxy_connection(
    let mut endpoint = bus.new_endpoint();
    endpoint.send(Event::ClientConnectionInitiated(port_forward, virtual_port));
-    let mut buffer = BytesMut::with_capacity(MAX_PACKET);
+    let mut buffer = Vec::with_capacity(MAX_PACKET);
    loop {
        tokio::select! {
            readable_result = socket.readable() => {
@ -91,7 +90,7 @@ async fn handle_tcp_proxy_connection(
                        match socket.try_read_buf(&mut buffer) {
                            Ok(size) if size > 0 => {
                                let data = Vec::from(&buffer[..size]);
-                                endpoint.send(Event::LocalData(port_forward, virtual_port, data.into()));
+                                endpoint.send(Event::LocalData(port_forward, virtual_port, data));
                                // Reset buffer
                                buffer.clear();
                            }
@ -186,13 +185,13 @@ impl TcpPortPool {
        }
    }
-    /// Requests a free port from the pool. An error is returned if none is available (exhausted max capacity).
+    /// Requests a free port from the pool. An error is returned if none is available (exhaused max capacity).
    pub async fn next(&self) -> anyhow::Result<VirtualPort> {
        let mut inner = self.inner.write().await;
        let port = inner
            .queue
            .pop_front()
-            .context("TCP virtual port pool is exhausted")?;
+            .with_context(|| "TCP virtual port pool is exhausted")?;
        Ok(VirtualPort::new(port, PortProtocol::Tcp))
    }
--- a/src/tunnel/udp.rs
+++ b/src/tunnel/udp.rs
@ -4,15 +4,14 @@ use std::ops::Range;
 use std::sync::Arc;
 use std::time::Instant;
 use crate::events::{Bus, Event};
 use anyhow::Context;
 use bytes::Bytes;
 use priority_queue::double_priority_queue::DoublePriorityQueue;
 use rand::seq::SliceRandom;
 use rand::thread_rng;
 use tokio::net::UdpSocket;
 use crate::config::{PortForwardConfig, PortProtocol};
 use crate::events::{Bus, Event};
 use crate::virtual_iface::VirtualPort;
 const MAX_PACKET: usize = 65536;
@ -37,7 +36,7 @@ pub async fn udp_proxy_server(
    let mut endpoint = bus.new_endpoint();
    let socket = UdpSocket::bind(port_forward.source)
        .await
-        .context("Failed to bind on UDP proxy address")?;
+        .with_context(|| "Failed to bind on UDP proxy address")?;
    let mut buffer = [0u8; MAX_PACKET];
    loop {
@ -99,11 +98,11 @@ async fn next_udp_datagram(
    socket: &UdpSocket,
    buffer: &mut [u8],
    port_pool: UdpPortPool,
-) -> anyhow::Result<Option<(VirtualPort, Bytes)>> {
+) -> anyhow::Result<Option<(VirtualPort, Vec<u8>)>> {
    let (size, peer_addr) = socket
        .recv_from(buffer)
        .await
-        .context("Failed to accept incoming UDP datagram")?;
+        .with_context(|| "Failed to accept incoming UDP datagram")?;
    // Assign a 'virtual port': this is a unique port number used to route IP packets
    // received from the WireGuard tunnel. It is the port number that the virtual client will
@ -127,7 +126,7 @@ async fn next_udp_datagram(
    port_pool.update_last_transmit(port).await;
    let data = buffer[..size].to_vec();
-    Ok(Some((port, data.into())))
+    Ok(Some((port, data)))
 }
 /// A pool of virtual ports available for TCP connections.
@ -212,7 +211,7 @@ impl UdpPortPool {
                    None
                }
            })
-            .context("Virtual port pool is exhausted")?;
+            .with_context(|| "virtual port pool is exhausted")?;
        inner.port_by_peer_addr.insert(peer_addr, port);
        inner.peer_addr_by_port.insert(port, peer_addr);
--- a/src/virtual_device.rs
+++ b/src/virtual_device.rs
@ -1,15 +1,10 @@
 use crate::config::PortProtocol;
 use crate::events::{BusSender, Event};
 use crate::Bus;
-use bytes::{BufMut, Bytes, BytesMut};
+use smoltcp::phy::{Device, DeviceCapabilities, Medium};
-use smoltcp::{
+use smoltcp::time::Instant;
-    phy::{DeviceCapabilities, Medium},
+use std::collections::VecDeque;
-    time::Instant,
+use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};
 };
 use std::{
    collections::VecDeque,
    sync::{Arc, Mutex},
 };
 /// A virtual device that processes IP packets through smoltcp and WireGuard.
 pub struct VirtualIpDevice {
@ -18,7 +13,7 @@ pub struct VirtualIpDevice {
    /// Channel receiver for received IP packets.
    bus_sender: BusSender,
    /// Local queue for packets received from the bus that need to go through the smoltcp interface.
-    process_queue: Arc<Mutex<VecDeque<Bytes>>>,
+    process_queue: Arc<Mutex<VecDeque<Vec<u8>>>>,
 }
 impl VirtualIpDevice {
@ -54,17 +49,11 @@ impl VirtualIpDevice {
    }
 }
-impl smoltcp::phy::Device for VirtualIpDevice {
+impl<'a> Device<'a> for VirtualIpDevice {
-    type RxToken<'a>
+    type RxToken = RxToken;
-        = RxToken
+    type TxToken = TxToken;
    where
        Self: 'a;
    type TxToken<'a>
        = TxToken
    where
        Self: 'a;
-    fn receive(&mut self, _timestamp: Instant) -> Option<(Self::RxToken<'_>, Self::TxToken<'_>)> {
+    fn receive(&'a mut self) -> Option<(Self::RxToken, Self::TxToken)> {
        let next = {
            let mut queue = self
                .process_queue
@ -74,13 +63,7 @@ impl smoltcp::phy::Device for VirtualIpDevice {
        };
        match next {
            Some(buffer) => Some((
-                Self::RxToken {
+                Self::RxToken { buffer },
                    buffer: {
                        let mut buf = BytesMut::new();
                        buf.put(buffer);
                        buf
                    },
                },
                Self::TxToken {
                    sender: self.bus_sender.clone(),
                },
@ -89,7 +72,7 @@ impl smoltcp::phy::Device for VirtualIpDevice {
        }
    }
-    fn transmit(&mut self, _timestamp: Instant) -> Option<Self::TxToken<'_>> {
+    fn transmit(&'a mut self) -> Option<Self::TxToken> {
        Some(TxToken {
            sender: self.bus_sender.clone(),
        })
@ -105,15 +88,15 @@ impl smoltcp::phy::Device for VirtualIpDevice {
 #[doc(hidden)]
 pub struct RxToken {
-    buffer: BytesMut,
+    buffer: Vec<u8>,
 }
 impl smoltcp::phy::RxToken for RxToken {
-    fn consume<R, F>(self, f: F) -> R
+    fn consume<R, F>(mut self, _timestamp: Instant, f: F) -> smoltcp::Result<R>
    where
-        F: FnOnce(&[u8]) -> R,
+        F: FnOnce(&mut [u8]) -> smoltcp::Result<R>,
    {
-        f(&self.buffer)
+        f(&mut self.buffer)
    }
 }
@ -123,14 +106,14 @@ pub struct TxToken {
 }
 impl smoltcp::phy::TxToken for TxToken {
-    fn consume<R, F>(self, len: usize, f: F) -> R
+    fn consume<R, F>(self, _timestamp: Instant, len: usize, f: F) -> smoltcp::Result<R>
    where
-        F: FnOnce(&mut [u8]) -> R,
+        F: FnOnce(&mut [u8]) -> smoltcp::Result<R>,
    {
-        let mut buffer = vec![0; len];
+        let mut buffer = Vec::new();
        buffer.resize(len, 0);
        let result = f(&mut buffer);
-        self.sender
+        self.sender.send(Event::OutboundInternetPacket(buffer));
            .send(Event::OutboundInternetPacket(buffer.into()));
        result
    }
 }
--- a/src/virtual_iface/tcp.rs
+++ b/src/virtual_iface/tcp.rs
@ -5,19 +5,12 @@ use crate::virtual_iface::{VirtualInterfacePoll, VirtualPort};
 use crate::Bus;
 use anyhow::Context;
 use async_trait::async_trait;
-use bytes::Bytes;
+use smoltcp::iface::{InterfaceBuilder, SocketHandle};
-use smoltcp::iface::PollResult;
+use smoltcp::socket::{TcpSocket, TcpSocketBuffer, TcpState};
-use smoltcp::{
+use smoltcp::wire::{IpAddress, IpCidr};
-    iface::{Config, Interface, SocketHandle, SocketSet},
+use std::collections::{HashMap, HashSet, VecDeque};
-    socket::tcp,
+use std::net::IpAddr;
-    time::Instant,
+use std::time::Duration;
    wire::{HardwareAddress, IpAddress, IpCidr, IpVersion},
 };
 use std::{
    collections::{HashMap, HashSet, VecDeque},
    net::IpAddr,
    time::Duration,
 };
 const MAX_PACKET: usize = 65536;
@ -26,7 +19,6 @@ pub struct TcpVirtualInterface {
    source_peer_ip: IpAddr,
    port_forwards: Vec<PortForwardConfig>,
    bus: Bus,
    sockets: SocketSet<'static>,
 }
 impl TcpVirtualInterface {
@ -40,34 +32,33 @@ impl TcpVirtualInterface {
                .collect(),
            source_peer_ip,
            bus,
            sockets: SocketSet::new([]),
        }
    }
-    fn new_server_socket(port_forward: PortForwardConfig) -> anyhow::Result<tcp::Socket<'static>> {
+    fn new_server_socket(port_forward: PortForwardConfig) -> anyhow::Result<TcpSocket<'static>> {
        static mut TCP_SERVER_RX_DATA: [u8; 0] = [];
        static mut TCP_SERVER_TX_DATA: [u8; 0] = [];
-        let tcp_rx_buffer = tcp::SocketBuffer::new(unsafe { &mut TCP_SERVER_RX_DATA[..] });
+        let tcp_rx_buffer = TcpSocketBuffer::new(unsafe { &mut TCP_SERVER_RX_DATA[..] });
-        let tcp_tx_buffer = tcp::SocketBuffer::new(unsafe { &mut TCP_SERVER_TX_DATA[..] });
+        let tcp_tx_buffer = TcpSocketBuffer::new(unsafe { &mut TCP_SERVER_TX_DATA[..] });
-        let mut socket = tcp::Socket::new(tcp_rx_buffer, tcp_tx_buffer);
+        let mut socket = TcpSocket::new(tcp_rx_buffer, tcp_tx_buffer);
        socket
            .listen((
                IpAddress::from(port_forward.destination.ip()),
                port_forward.destination.port(),
            ))
-            .context("Virtual server socket failed to listen")?;
+            .with_context(|| "Virtual server socket failed to listen")?;
        Ok(socket)
    }
-    fn new_client_socket() -> anyhow::Result<tcp::Socket<'static>> {
+    fn new_client_socket() -> anyhow::Result<TcpSocket<'static>> {
        let rx_data = vec![0u8; MAX_PACKET];
        let tx_data = vec![0u8; MAX_PACKET];
-        let tcp_rx_buffer = tcp::SocketBuffer::new(rx_data);
+        let tcp_rx_buffer = TcpSocketBuffer::new(rx_data);
-        let tcp_tx_buffer = tcp::SocketBuffer::new(tx_data);
+        let tcp_tx_buffer = TcpSocketBuffer::new(tx_data);
-        let socket = tcp::Socket::new(tcp_rx_buffer, tcp_tx_buffer);
+        let socket = TcpSocket::new(tcp_rx_buffer, tcp_tx_buffer);
        Ok(socket)
    }
@ -79,32 +70,26 @@ impl TcpVirtualInterface {
        }
        addresses
            .into_iter()
-            .map(|addr| IpCidr::new(addr, addr_length(&addr)))
+            .map(|addr| IpCidr::new(addr, 32))
            .collect()
    }
 }
 #[async_trait]
 impl VirtualInterfacePoll for TcpVirtualInterface {
-    async fn poll_loop(mut self, mut device: VirtualIpDevice) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    async fn poll_loop(self, device: VirtualIpDevice) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        // Create CIDR block for source peer IP + each port forward IP
        let addresses = self.addresses();
        let config = Config::new(HardwareAddress::Ip);
        // Create virtual interface (contains smoltcp state machine)
-        let mut iface = Interface::new(config, &mut device, Instant::now());
+        let mut iface = InterfaceBuilder::new(device, vec![])
-        iface.update_ip_addrs(|ip_addrs| {
+            .ip_addrs(addresses)
-            addresses.into_iter().for_each(|addr| {
+            .finalize();
                ip_addrs
                    .push(addr)
                    .expect("maximum number of IPs in TCP interface reached");
            });
        });
        // Create virtual server for each port forward
        for port_forward in self.port_forwards.iter() {
            let server_socket = TcpVirtualInterface::new_server_socket(*port_forward)?;
-            self.sockets.add(server_socket);
+            iface.add_socket(server_socket);
        }
        // The next time to poll the interface. Can be None for instant poll.
@ -117,7 +102,7 @@ impl VirtualInterfacePoll for TcpVirtualInterface {
        let mut port_client_handle_map: HashMap<VirtualPort, SocketHandle> = HashMap::new();
        // Data packets to send from a virtual client
-        let mut send_queue: HashMap<VirtualPort, VecDeque<Bytes>> = HashMap::new();
+        let mut send_queue: HashMap<VirtualPort, VecDeque<Vec<u8>>> = HashMap::new();
        loop {
            tokio::select! {
@ -130,11 +115,11 @@ impl VirtualInterfacePoll for TcpVirtualInterface {
                    // Find closed sockets
                    port_client_handle_map.retain(|virtual_port, client_handle| {
-                        let client_socket = self.sockets.get_mut::<tcp::Socket>(*client_handle);
+                        let client_socket = iface.get_socket::<TcpSocket>(*client_handle);
-                        if client_socket.state() == tcp::State::Closed {
+                        if client_socket.state() == TcpState::Closed {
                            endpoint.send(Event::ClientConnectionDropped(*virtual_port));
                            send_queue.remove(virtual_port);
-                            self.sockets.remove(*client_handle);
+                            iface.remove_socket(*client_handle);
                            false
                        } else {
                            // Not closed, retain
@ -142,12 +127,16 @@ impl VirtualInterfacePoll for TcpVirtualInterface {
                        }
                    });
-                    if iface.poll(loop_start, &mut device, &mut self.sockets) == PollResult::SocketStateChanged {
+                    match iface.poll(loop_start) {
-                        log::trace!("TCP virtual interface polled some packets to be processed");
+                        Ok(processed) if processed => {
                            trace!("TCP virtual interface polled some packets to be processed");
                        }
                        Err(e) => error!("TCP virtual interface poll error: {:?}", e),
                        _ => {}
                    }
                    for (virtual_port, client_handle) in port_client_handle_map.iter() {
-                        let client_socket = self.sockets.get_mut::<tcp::Socket>(*client_handle);
+                        let client_socket = iface.get_socket::<TcpSocket>(*client_handle);
                        if client_socket.can_send() {
                            if let Some(send_queue) = send_queue.get_mut(virtual_port) {
                                let to_transfer = send_queue.pop_front();
@ -158,7 +147,7 @@ impl VirtualInterfacePoll for TcpVirtualInterface {
                                            if sent < total {
                                                // Sometimes only a subset is sent, so the rest needs to be sent on the next poll
                                                let tx_extra = Vec::from(&to_transfer_slice[sent..total]);
-                                                send_queue.push_front(tx_extra.into());
+                                                send_queue.push_front(tx_extra);
                                            }
                                        }
                                        Err(e) => {
@ -167,13 +156,13 @@ impl VirtualInterfacePoll for TcpVirtualInterface {
                                            );
                                        }
                                    }
-                                } else if client_socket.state() == tcp::State::CloseWait {
+                                } else if client_socket.state() == TcpState::CloseWait {
                                    client_socket.close();
                                }
                            }
                        }
                        if client_socket.can_recv() {
-                            match client_socket.recv(|buffer| (buffer.len(), Bytes::from(buffer.to_vec()))) {
+                            match client_socket.recv(|buffer| (buffer.len(), buffer.to_vec())) {
                                Ok(data) => {
                                    debug!("[{}] Received {} bytes from virtual server", virtual_port, data.len());
                                    if !data.is_empty() {
@ -190,7 +179,7 @@ impl VirtualInterfacePoll for TcpVirtualInterface {
                    }
                    // The virtual interface determines the next time to poll (this is to reduce unnecessary polls)
-                    next_poll = match iface.poll_delay(loop_start, &self.sockets) {
+                    next_poll = match iface.poll_delay(loop_start) {
                        Some(smoltcp::time::Duration::ZERO) => None,
                        Some(delay) => {
                            trace!("TCP Virtual interface delayed next poll by {}", delay);
@ -203,14 +192,13 @@ impl VirtualInterfacePoll for TcpVirtualInterface {
                    match event {
                        Event::ClientConnectionInitiated(port_forward, virtual_port) => {
                            let client_socket = TcpVirtualInterface::new_client_socket()?;
-                            let client_handle = self.sockets.add(client_socket);
+                            let client_handle = iface.add_socket(client_socket);
                            // Add handle to map
                            port_client_handle_map.insert(virtual_port, client_handle);
                            send_queue.insert(virtual_port, VecDeque::new());
-                            let client_socket = self.sockets.get_mut::<tcp::Socket>(client_handle);
+                            let (client_socket, context) = iface.get_socket_and_context::<TcpSocket>(client_handle);
                            let context = iface.context();
                            client_socket
                                .connect(
@ -221,13 +209,13 @@ impl VirtualInterfacePoll for TcpVirtualInterface {
                                    ),
                                    (IpAddress::from(self.source_peer_ip), virtual_port.num()),
                                )
-                                .context("Virtual server socket failed to listen")?;
+                                .with_context(|| "Virtual server socket failed to listen")?;
                            next_poll = None;
                        }
                        Event::ClientConnectionDropped(virtual_port) => {
                            if let Some(client_handle) = port_client_handle_map.get(&virtual_port) {
-                                let client_socket = self.sockets.get_mut::<tcp::Socket>(*client_handle);
+                                let client_socket = iface.get_socket::<TcpSocket>(*client_handle);
                                client_socket.close();
                                next_poll = None;
                            }
@ -238,7 +226,7 @@ impl VirtualInterfacePoll for TcpVirtualInterface {
                                next_poll = None;
                            }
                        }
-                        Event::VirtualDeviceFed(PortProtocol::Tcp) => {
+                        Event::VirtualDeviceFed(protocol) if protocol == PortProtocol::Tcp => {
                            next_poll = None;
                        }
                        _ => {}
@ -248,10 +236,3 @@ impl VirtualInterfacePoll for TcpVirtualInterface {
        }
    }
 }
 const fn addr_length(addr: &IpAddress) -> u8 {
    match addr.version() {
        IpVersion::Ipv4 => 32,
        IpVersion::Ipv6 => 128,
    }
 }
--- a/src/virtual_iface/udp.rs
+++ b/src/virtual_iface/udp.rs
@ -1,23 +1,18 @@
-use crate::config::PortForwardConfig;
+use anyhow::Context;
 use std::collections::{HashMap, HashSet, VecDeque};
 use std::net::IpAddr;
 use crate::events::Event;
 use crate::{Bus, PortProtocol};
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 use smoltcp::iface::{InterfaceBuilder, SocketHandle};
 use smoltcp::socket::{UdpPacketMetadata, UdpSocket, UdpSocketBuffer};
 use smoltcp::wire::{IpAddress, IpCidr};
 use std::time::Duration;
 use crate::config::PortForwardConfig;
 use crate::virtual_device::VirtualIpDevice;
 use crate::virtual_iface::{VirtualInterfacePoll, VirtualPort};
 use crate::{Bus, PortProtocol};
 use anyhow::Context;
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 use bytes::Bytes;
 use smoltcp::iface::PollResult;
 use smoltcp::{
    iface::{Config, Interface, SocketHandle, SocketSet},
    socket::udp::{self, UdpMetadata},
    time::Instant,
    wire::{HardwareAddress, IpAddress, IpCidr, IpVersion},
 };
 use std::{
    collections::{HashMap, HashSet, VecDeque},
    net::IpAddr,
    time::Duration,
 };
 const MAX_PACKET: usize = 65536;
@ -25,7 +20,6 @@ pub struct UdpVirtualInterface {
    source_peer_ip: IpAddr,
    port_forwards: Vec<PortForwardConfig>,
    bus: Bus,
    sockets: SocketSet<'static>,
 }
 impl UdpVirtualInterface {
@ -39,47 +33,44 @@ impl UdpVirtualInterface {
                .collect(),
            source_peer_ip,
            bus,
            sockets: SocketSet::new([]),
        }
    }
-    fn new_server_socket(port_forward: PortForwardConfig) -> anyhow::Result<udp::Socket<'static>> {
+    fn new_server_socket(port_forward: PortForwardConfig) -> anyhow::Result<UdpSocket<'static>> {
-        static mut UDP_SERVER_RX_META: [udp::PacketMetadata; 0] = [];
+        static mut UDP_SERVER_RX_META: [UdpPacketMetadata; 0] = [];
        static mut UDP_SERVER_RX_DATA: [u8; 0] = [];
-        static mut UDP_SERVER_TX_META: [udp::PacketMetadata; 0] = [];
+        static mut UDP_SERVER_TX_META: [UdpPacketMetadata; 0] = [];
        static mut UDP_SERVER_TX_DATA: [u8; 0] = [];
-        let udp_rx_buffer =
+        let udp_rx_buffer = UdpSocketBuffer::new(unsafe { &mut UDP_SERVER_RX_META[..] }, unsafe {
-            udp::PacketBuffer::new(unsafe { &mut UDP_SERVER_RX_META[..] }, unsafe {
+            &mut UDP_SERVER_RX_DATA[..]
-                &mut UDP_SERVER_RX_DATA[..]
+        });
-            });
+        let udp_tx_buffer = UdpSocketBuffer::new(unsafe { &mut UDP_SERVER_TX_META[..] }, unsafe {
-        let udp_tx_buffer =
+            &mut UDP_SERVER_TX_DATA[..]
-            udp::PacketBuffer::new(unsafe { &mut UDP_SERVER_TX_META[..] }, unsafe {
+        });
-                &mut UDP_SERVER_TX_DATA[..]
+        let mut socket = UdpSocket::new(udp_rx_buffer, udp_tx_buffer);
            });
        let mut socket = udp::Socket::new(udp_rx_buffer, udp_tx_buffer);
        socket
            .bind((
                IpAddress::from(port_forward.destination.ip()),
                port_forward.destination.port(),
            ))
-            .context("UDP virtual server socket failed to bind")?;
+            .with_context(|| "UDP virtual server socket failed to bind")?;
        Ok(socket)
    }
    fn new_client_socket(
        source_peer_ip: IpAddr,
        client_port: VirtualPort,
-    ) -> anyhow::Result<udp::Socket<'static>> {
+    ) -> anyhow::Result<UdpSocket<'static>> {
-        let rx_meta = vec![udp::PacketMetadata::EMPTY; 10];
+        let rx_meta = vec![UdpPacketMetadata::EMPTY; 10];
-        let tx_meta = vec![udp::PacketMetadata::EMPTY; 10];
+        let tx_meta = vec![UdpPacketMetadata::EMPTY; 10];
        let rx_data = vec![0u8; MAX_PACKET];
        let tx_data = vec![0u8; MAX_PACKET];
-        let udp_rx_buffer = udp::PacketBuffer::new(rx_meta, rx_data);
+        let udp_rx_buffer = UdpSocketBuffer::new(rx_meta, rx_data);
-        let udp_tx_buffer = udp::PacketBuffer::new(tx_meta, tx_data);
+        let udp_tx_buffer = UdpSocketBuffer::new(tx_meta, tx_data);
-        let mut socket = udp::Socket::new(udp_rx_buffer, udp_tx_buffer);
+        let mut socket = UdpSocket::new(udp_rx_buffer, udp_tx_buffer);
        socket
            .bind((IpAddress::from(source_peer_ip), client_port.num()))
-            .context("UDP virtual client failed to bind")?;
+            .with_context(|| "UDP virtual client failed to bind")?;
        Ok(socket)
    }
@ -91,32 +82,26 @@ impl UdpVirtualInterface {
        }
        addresses
            .into_iter()
-            .map(|addr| IpCidr::new(addr, addr_length(&addr)))
+            .map(|addr| IpCidr::new(addr, 32))
            .collect()
    }
 }
 #[async_trait]
 impl VirtualInterfacePoll for UdpVirtualInterface {
-    async fn poll_loop(mut self, mut device: VirtualIpDevice) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    async fn poll_loop(self, device: VirtualIpDevice) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        // Create CIDR block for source peer IP + each port forward IP
        let addresses = self.addresses();
        let config = Config::new(HardwareAddress::Ip);
        // Create virtual interface (contains smoltcp state machine)
-        let mut iface = Interface::new(config, &mut device, Instant::now());
+        let mut iface = InterfaceBuilder::new(device, vec![])
-        iface.update_ip_addrs(|ip_addrs| {
+            .ip_addrs(addresses)
-            addresses.into_iter().for_each(|addr| {
+            .finalize();
                ip_addrs
                    .push(addr)
                    .expect("maximum number of IPs in UDP interface reached");
            });
        });
        // Create virtual server for each port forward
        for port_forward in self.port_forwards.iter() {
            let server_socket = UdpVirtualInterface::new_server_socket(*port_forward)?;
-            self.sockets.add(server_socket);
+            iface.add_socket(server_socket);
        }
        // The next time to poll the interface. Can be None for instant poll.
@ -129,7 +114,7 @@ impl VirtualInterfacePoll for UdpVirtualInterface {
        let mut port_client_handle_map: HashMap<VirtualPort, SocketHandle> = HashMap::new();
        // Data packets to send from a virtual client
-        let mut send_queue: HashMap<VirtualPort, VecDeque<(PortForwardConfig, Bytes)>> =
+        let mut send_queue: HashMap<VirtualPort, VecDeque<(PortForwardConfig, Vec<u8>)>> =
            HashMap::new();
        loop {
@ -141,12 +126,16 @@ impl VirtualInterfacePoll for UdpVirtualInterface {
                } => {
                    let loop_start = smoltcp::time::Instant::now();
-                    if iface.poll(loop_start, &mut device, &mut self.sockets) == PollResult::SocketStateChanged {
+                    match iface.poll(loop_start) {
-                        log::trace!("UDP virtual interface polled some packets to be processed");
+                        Ok(processed) if processed => {
                            trace!("UDP virtual interface polled some packets to be processed");
                        }
                        Err(e) => error!("UDP virtual interface poll error: {:?}", e),
                        _ => {}
                    }
                    for (virtual_port, client_handle) in port_client_handle_map.iter() {
-                        let client_socket = self.sockets.get_mut::<udp::Socket>(*client_handle);
+                        let client_socket = iface.get_socket::<UdpSocket>(*client_handle);
                        if client_socket.can_send() {
                            if let Some(send_queue) = send_queue.get_mut(virtual_port) {
                                let to_transfer = send_queue.pop_front();
@ -154,7 +143,7 @@ impl VirtualInterfacePoll for UdpVirtualInterface {
                                    client_socket
                                        .send_slice(
                                            &data,
-                                            UdpMetadata::from(port_forward.destination),
+                                            (IpAddress::from(port_forward.destination.ip()), port_forward.destination.port()).into(),
                                        )
                                        .unwrap_or_else(|e| {
                                            error!(
@ -169,7 +158,7 @@ impl VirtualInterfacePoll for UdpVirtualInterface {
                            match client_socket.recv() {
                                Ok((data, _peer)) => {
                                    if !data.is_empty() {
-                                        endpoint.send(Event::RemoteData(*virtual_port, data.to_vec().into()));
+                                        endpoint.send(Event::RemoteData(*virtual_port, data.to_vec()));
                                    }
                                }
                                Err(e) => {
@ -182,7 +171,7 @@ impl VirtualInterfacePoll for UdpVirtualInterface {
                    }
                    // The virtual interface determines the next time to poll (this is to reduce unnecessary polls)
-                    next_poll = match iface.poll_delay(loop_start, &self.sockets) {
+                    next_poll = match iface.poll_delay(loop_start) {
                        Some(smoltcp::time::Duration::ZERO) => None,
                        Some(delay) => {
                            trace!("UDP Virtual interface delayed next poll by {}", delay);
@ -200,7 +189,7 @@ impl VirtualInterfacePoll for UdpVirtualInterface {
                            } else {
                                // Client socket does not exist
                                let client_socket = UdpVirtualInterface::new_client_socket(self.source_peer_ip, virtual_port)?;
-                                let client_handle = self.sockets.add(client_socket);
+                                let client_handle = iface.add_socket(client_socket);
                                // Add handle to map
                                port_client_handle_map.insert(virtual_port, client_handle);
@ -208,7 +197,7 @@ impl VirtualInterfacePoll for UdpVirtualInterface {
                            }
                            next_poll = None;
                        }
-                        Event::VirtualDeviceFed(PortProtocol::Udp) => {
+                        Event::VirtualDeviceFed(protocol) if protocol == PortProtocol::Udp => {
                            next_poll = None;
                        }
                        _ => {}
@ -218,10 +207,3 @@ impl VirtualInterfacePoll for UdpVirtualInterface {
        }
    }
 }
 const fn addr_length(addr: &IpAddress) -> u8 {
    match addr.version() {
        IpVersion::Ipv4 => 32,
        IpVersion::Ipv6 => 128,
    }
 }
--- a/src/wg.rs
+++ b/src/wg.rs
@ -1,15 +1,12 @@
-use std::net::{IpAddr, SocketAddr};
+use std::net::{IpAddr, Ipv4Addr, Ipv6Addr, SocketAddr};
 use std::time::Duration;
 use crate::Bus;
 use anyhow::Context;
 use async_recursion::async_recursion;
 use boringtun::noise::errors::WireGuardError;
 use boringtun::noise::{Tunn, TunnResult};
 use log::Level;
 use smoltcp::wire::{IpProtocol, IpVersion, Ipv4Packet, Ipv6Packet};
 use tokio::net::UdpSocket;
 use tokio::sync::Mutex;
 use crate::config::{Config, PortProtocol};
 use crate::events::Event;
@ -24,7 +21,7 @@ const MAX_PACKET: usize = 65536;
 pub struct WireGuardTunnel {
    pub(crate) source_peer_ip: IpAddr,
    /// `boringtun` peer/tunnel implementation, used for crypto & WG protocol.
-    peer: Mutex<Box<Tunn>>,
+    peer: Box<Tunn>,
    /// The UDP socket for the public WireGuard endpoint to connect to.
    udp: UdpSocket,
    /// The address of the public WireGuard endpoint (UDP).
@ -37,11 +34,11 @@ impl WireGuardTunnel {
    /// Initialize a new WireGuard tunnel.
    pub async fn new(config: &Config, bus: Bus) -> anyhow::Result<Self> {
        let source_peer_ip = config.source_peer_ip;
-        let peer = Mutex::new(Box::new(Self::create_tunnel(config)?));
+        let peer = Self::create_tunnel(config)?;
        let endpoint = config.endpoint_addr;
        let udp = UdpSocket::bind(config.endpoint_bind_addr)
            .await
-            .context("Failed to create UDP socket for WireGuard connection")?;
+            .with_context(|| "Failed to create UDP socket for WireGuard connection")?;
        Ok(Self {
            source_peer_ip,
@ -56,16 +53,12 @@ impl WireGuardTunnel {
    pub async fn send_ip_packet(&self, packet: &[u8]) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
        trace_ip_packet("Sending IP packet", packet);
        let mut send_buf = [0u8; MAX_PACKET];
-        let encapsulate_result = {
+        match self.peer.encapsulate(packet, &mut send_buf) {
            let mut peer = self.peer.lock().await;
            peer.encapsulate(packet, &mut send_buf)
        };
        match encapsulate_result {
            TunnResult::WriteToNetwork(packet) => {
                self.udp
                    .send_to(packet, self.endpoint)
                    .await
-                    .context("Failed to send encrypted IP packet to WireGuard endpoint.")?;
+                    .with_context(|| "Failed to send encrypted IP packet to WireGuard endpoint.")?;
                debug!(
                    "Sent {} bytes to WireGuard endpoint (encrypted IP packet)",
                    packet.len()
@ -109,57 +102,39 @@ impl WireGuardTunnel {
        loop {
            let mut send_buf = [0u8; MAX_PACKET];
-            let tun_result = { self.peer.lock().await.update_timers(&mut send_buf) };
+            match self.peer.update_timers(&mut send_buf) {
-            self.handle_routine_tun_result(tun_result).await;
+                TunnResult::WriteToNetwork(packet) => {
                    debug!(
                        "Sending routine packet of {} bytes to WireGuard endpoint",
                        packet.len()
                    );
                    match self.udp.send_to(packet, self.endpoint).await {
                        Ok(_) => {}
                        Err(e) => {
                            error!(
                                "Failed to send routine packet to WireGuard endpoint: {:?}",
                                e
                            );
                        }
                    };
                }
                TunnResult::Err(e) => {
                    error!(
                        "Failed to prepare routine packet for WireGuard endpoint: {:?}",
                        e
                    );
                }
                TunnResult::Done => {
                    // Sleep for a bit
                    tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_millis(1)).await;
                }
                other => {
                    warn!("Unexpected WireGuard routine task state: {:?}", other);
                }
            }
        }
    }
    #[async_recursion]
    async fn handle_routine_tun_result<'a: 'async_recursion>(&self, result: TunnResult<'a>) -> () {
        match result {
            TunnResult::WriteToNetwork(packet) => {
                debug!(
                    "Sending routine packet of {} bytes to WireGuard endpoint",
                    packet.len()
                );
                match self.udp.send_to(packet, self.endpoint).await {
                    Ok(_) => {}
                    Err(e) => {
                        error!(
                            "Failed to send routine packet to WireGuard endpoint: {:?}",
                            e
                        );
                    }
                };
            }
            TunnResult::Err(WireGuardError::ConnectionExpired) => {
                warn!("Wireguard handshake has expired!");
                let mut buf = vec![0u8; MAX_PACKET];
                let result = self
                    .peer
                    .lock()
                    .await
                    .format_handshake_initiation(&mut buf[..], false);
                self.handle_routine_tun_result(result).await
            }
            TunnResult::Err(e) => {
                error!(
                    "Failed to prepare routine packet for WireGuard endpoint: {:?}",
                    e
                );
            }
            TunnResult::Done => {
                // Sleep for a bit
                tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_millis(1)).await;
            }
            other => {
                warn!("Unexpected WireGuard routine task state: {:?}", other);
            }
        };
    }
    /// WireGuard consumption task. Receives encrypted packets from the WireGuard endpoint,
    /// decapsulates them, and dispatches newly received IP packets.
    pub async fn consume_task(&self) -> ! {
@ -181,11 +156,7 @@ impl WireGuardTunnel {
            };
            let data = &recv_buf[..size];
-            let decapsulate_result = {
+            match self.peer.decapsulate(None, data, &mut send_buf) {
                let mut peer = self.peer.lock().await;
                peer.decapsulate(None, data, &mut send_buf)
            };
            match decapsulate_result {
                TunnResult::WriteToNetwork(packet) => {
                    match self.udp.send_to(packet, self.endpoint).await {
                        Ok(_) => {}
@ -194,10 +165,9 @@ impl WireGuardTunnel {
                            continue;
                        }
                    };
                    let mut peer = self.peer.lock().await;
                    loop {
                        let mut send_buf = [0u8; MAX_PACKET];
-                        match peer.decapsulate(None, &[], &mut send_buf) {
+                        match self.peer.decapsulate(None, &[], &mut send_buf) {
                            TunnResult::WriteToNetwork(packet) => {
                                match self.udp.send_to(packet, self.endpoint).await {
                                    Ok(_) => {}
@ -223,7 +193,7 @@ impl WireGuardTunnel {
                    trace_ip_packet("Received IP packet", packet);
                    if let Some(proto) = self.route_protocol(packet) {
-                        endpoint.send(Event::InboundInternetPacket(proto, packet.to_vec().into()));
+                        endpoint.send(Event::InboundInternetPacket(proto, packet.into()));
                    }
                }
                _ => {}
@ -231,20 +201,17 @@ impl WireGuardTunnel {
        }
    }
-    fn create_tunnel(config: &Config) -> anyhow::Result<Tunn> {
+    fn create_tunnel(config: &Config) -> anyhow::Result<Box<Tunn>> {
        let private = config.private_key.as_ref().clone();
        let public = *config.endpoint_public_key.as_ref();
        Tunn::new(
-            private,
+            config.private_key.clone(),
-            public,
+            config.endpoint_public_key.clone(),
-            config.preshared_key,
+            None,
            config.keepalive_seconds,
            0,
            None,
        )
        .map_err(|s| anyhow::anyhow!("{}", s))
-        .context("Failed to initialize boringtun Tunn")
+        .with_context(|| "Failed to initialize boringtun Tunn")
    }
    /// Determine the inner protocol of the incoming IP packet (TCP/UDP).
@ -253,8 +220,8 @@ impl WireGuardTunnel {
            Ok(IpVersion::Ipv4) => Ipv4Packet::new_checked(&packet)
                .ok()
                // Only care if the packet is destined for this tunnel
-                .filter(|packet| packet.dst_addr() == self.source_peer_ip)
+                .filter(|packet| Ipv4Addr::from(packet.dst_addr()) == self.source_peer_ip)
-                .and_then(|packet| match packet.next_header() {
+                .and_then(|packet| match packet.protocol() {
                    IpProtocol::Tcp => Some(PortProtocol::Tcp),
                    IpProtocol::Udp => Some(PortProtocol::Udp),
                    // Unrecognized protocol, so we cannot determine where to route
@ -263,7 +230,7 @@ impl WireGuardTunnel {
            Ok(IpVersion::Ipv6) => Ipv6Packet::new_checked(&packet)
                .ok()
                // Only care if the packet is destined for this tunnel
-                .filter(|packet| packet.dst_addr() == self.source_peer_ip)
+                .filter(|packet| Ipv6Addr::from(packet.dst_addr()) == self.source_peer_ip)
                .and_then(|packet| match packet.next_header() {
                    IpProtocol::Tcp => Some(PortProtocol::Tcp),
                    IpProtocol::Udp => Some(PortProtocol::Udp),